Anbar University Journal of Languages & Literature

This research is promoted by an explanation of the morphological lesson of Ashmouni, who died in the year (918 AH), who was famous for his extensive writings in the field of grammar and morphology, and he was known for it, and he mentioned his morphological sayings; Therefore, in this research, I tried to stand on his opinion, and his wide knowledge, on this subject, during his study of his book, Explanation of the Clearest Path Named (Clarification of Clarification). Al-Basri school of thought, which is rarely in agreement with the Kufic school of thought, will also be briefed on the controversial morphological issues that he mentioned, and on his preferences and responses, which show his knowledge of morphology and his ability to learn morphology. And God I ask success and payment in knowledge and work. and thank Allah the god of everything.

Technology is a revolution that has invaded our era. This continuous development and change in all fields of science has motivated me to make this modest effort and compensate in some research in an attempt to know the diligence of our Arab scholars in their great language. I am also tired of those who fight our language and want to keep it away from us because it is the language in which we read The Great Qur’an, so I say to them that our Arabic language is in harmony with this advanced age, just like other languages, and there is an important third motive. Studying it is fun and enjoyable Poetry was the first to knock on the door towards that facilitation. Grammar rules we find most of the written in poetry because it was the easiest to memorize and was the most beautiful thing he liked to hear. In our time, technology has become the centre that attracts people. In addition, the weight of learning has been lifted from teachers and students. The Arabic language has remained as it is. But it was introduced in the field of technology in order to keep pace with the needs of the times and to save time and effort for learners This research was divided into an introduction, a preface, three demands, a conclusion, a list of sources and references, a list of contents, and finally the conclusion.

Praise be to God, and prayers and peace be upon the Messenger of God, his family, companions and those who are loyal to him, and after:
This is a study and investigation of one of the explanations of the systems by the Egyptian scholar Al-Saj’i Al-Azhari (d. 1197 AH), which is a useful explanation in which Al-Saj’i deposited a summary of his ideas in Arabic sciences, and the research was divided into two parts, the first dealt with: studying the book in its presentation of the material with the results, and in the second: the investigation of the book.

The Summary of the Research is a clarification and clarification of the words of the group of the few in Sunan al- bayhaqi al- Kubra, and What was narrated from the messenger of God, may God's prayers and peace be upon him, and his family, companions and followers –may God Almighty be pleased with them all – who argue with his words, and clarify what came in Sunan al- Bayhaqi al- Kubra of words and extract linguistic richness  Including through dictionaries and strange books, strange hadiths, grammar books, and morphology, linking them to hadiths that were mentioned in the Sunan if necessary, clarifying their meanings and the problem with understanding them, clarifying the standard and non – standard, and clarifying the sayings of scholars from the ancients and modernists for the need of explain and clarify it And his statement, God appointed.

This research sheds light on the linguistic doctrine of one of the advanced scholars famous for the science of reading, which is Imam Al-Muqri’ bin Abi Taibah, who died in the year (223 AH). and fur (207 AH).

The research revolves around the plurality of grammatical structures in the Qur’anic structures of the great scholar Makibeh Abu Talib al-Qaisi al-Ma’ani al-Qayrawani (473 AH) in his book “The problem of the translation of the Qur’an” and it is included under the many meanings that the grammatical structure generates. The engineer that is on the Holy Qur’an through the book of Makki al-Qaisi above and follows it , His sentences, his sentences The syntactic structure and its multiplicity according to the syntactic plurality, and this was followed by Makki al-Qaisi in his book (The Problem of Arabization of the Qur’an), and there is no doubt that this is a book in which its author believes that it addresses the linguistic problems present in the Qur’anic verses, which he thinks are one of the problem, so the multiplicity of the meanings of the combinations falls into this description 

The grammatical analysis of the noun, the verb and the letter, critically and linguistically, occupied an important aspect of Imam Al-Matrazi’s morphological, grammatical and critical views in his book Al-Misbah on the phenomena of general and specific language, considering that the aspects of linguistic analysis with him appear in his critical and linguistic vision of what he was striving for and what he viewed as the correctness of his grammatical lesson. His grammatical criticism with subdividing his linguistic jurisprudence within his views that he presented directly according to his personal jurisprudential vision of persuasion and before what he did in his companion book has the lamp, as the analysis of his grammatical, morphological, semantic and grammatical views and issues of grammar in issues of name, verb and letter shows us the approach of the ancient grammarians in critical and linguistic analysis And even semantically according to their diligence in presenting their critical linguistic visions of general phenomena and the singular specificity, not according to the transmissions of the Arabs, linguists, and grammarians of its predecessors, to show his jurisprudential linguistic faculty

The research aims to produce a valuable manuscript written by the grammarian Muhammad bin Muhammad who is famous by the name of Al-Fadil Al-Isfaraini, (684 AH). This brief manuscript specialized in studying the declarative sentence and their divisions. The author divided his work into two parts: the first is the sentence that does not hold true and false. The author declares that such a sentence has no place in the analysis of a text. The second type, on the other hand, is the one that bears truth and falsehood, which is the declarative sentence, and then the author elaborates on this type more than the previous. The study was made to have two demands, the first: a brief biography of the author and his work while the second: the inquiry and the analysis of the text.

From the topic of the research tagged with (The Expansion of Prophetic Meanings in the Linguistic Tools in the Book of Al-Kawakib Al-Dari in the Explanation of Sahih Al-Bukhari by Shams Al-Din Al-Karmani (d. 786 AH)), the importance of the topic stems from the fact that it is a study in the prophetic expression that shows the places of beauty and eloquence in the texts of hadiths, which helps us to perceive them with taste and sense The subtle, especially in the expansion of meanings, the hadith commentators deliberately mentioned these ills, purposes and motives, as they open doors for us from which we can pick up the pearls of meanings and its valuables, from that expansion of meanings to the expansion of the tool and morphological formulas that are a key to extracting the reservoirs of prophetic expression and sensing the features Linguistic connotations in the hadith of the Prophet.

This study aims at exploring the concept of the internet of things, its uses and applications in libraries. It aims, moreover, to identify the difficulties hindering these applications. The study adopts the descriptive approach to achieve its objectives utilizing scholarly work published within this domain. The findings of the study confirm the possibility of utilizing the applications of the internet of things in libraries.  The internet of things can participate in improving performance, predicting problems and identifying the users’ orientations. More new services can be established through the applications of the internet of things. There is a need to change and improve the skills of the staff working in libraries, and the necessity to provide financial support to utilize the internet of things in libraries. The study recommends the following; activating the role of the internet of things in libraries, formulating a work plan for libraries to determine their needs for the internet of things and the domains to invest it, and improving the skills of staff working in libraries in such a way as to make optimum utilization of these applications and direct them to develop libraries.       

Praise be to Allah the Lord of the worlds and may the blessings and peace of Allah be upon the most honoured of messengers, our master Muhammad, and upon all his family and companions. Passion is one of the most important components of the prosperous poetry of the pre-Islamic era. It is one of the basics of the poetic experience of the critics. Passion gives beauty to the formulation and writing of poetry. Due to the sincere use of passion in lament poems, the researcher tries to present the beauty of passion in Sabti Alheety’s lament poems as they contain diverse pictures and meanings of passion. The content of the paper is divided into sections 1 (power and beauty of passion), section 2 (continuity and stability of passion), and section 3 (diversity and inclusivity of passion).

Based on the idea of communication in which the text transfers from standardization into functionalism, the pragmatic research has appraised laws of the narrative discourse produced by the writer, and its function in administrating the communicative process between the two parties of the discourse.
In this research paper, we dealt with the laws of the narrative discourse in Adham Sharqawi's novels, on top of which the cooperation law (Al-Ghariasi), then we dealt with the most important manifested principles in Sharqawi's discourses, which are: comprehension, comprehensiveness, honesty, politeness. utmost politeness and mitigation.
Then, we followed this with the topics in which the cooperation laws of  Al-Ghariasi are being violated producing what so-called (dialogue necessitation); particularly that the Sharqawian narrative discourse was distinguished by the abundance of the dialogues among its parties.
Since the contents of the utterance is a branch of pragmatics that studies the narrative discourse; we decided to study ( the presupposition) reaching to analyze discourse pragmatically with giving importance to the context and place of the discourse.
The research paper included a theoretical study of the laws of the narrative discourse accompanied by applied models which were evidence of the presented theoretical side.  

This research aims to study (idealism in Islamic poetry, and poets of the era of the Islamic call), it revolves around the idea of ​​human perfection, and the changes that occurred in Arab life in the era of Islam's first and the shift to new life brought about by the emergence of Islam, and this is what applied to the words of the poets who They entered Islam and rolled up their sleeves to defend the religion with the sword and the tongue. They also had a role in society, whose features determine the relationship between the poet and society. The researcher helped the researcher extrapolate and analyze texts to reach the emotional state. The poets were influenced by the philosophy of the new religion and its extent and direction of it.  

Andalusian poets were interested in the image. The effect of the image was manifested in the patterns of the pictorial structure in their poems. Accordingly, their poems displayed a variety of purposes. On this basis, the pattern of building the image varied from the emotions of the sincere poet, as reflected in his expressions and the rhyme scheme on which the poem was built, leading to the ultimate syllabic structure emerging in it.

The present study aims at examining the black women's diaspora in framing the black woman's identity in Naylor's Novel The Women of Brewster Place in terms of the Radicalesbians' manifestation of The Woman-Identified Woman. It is an attempt of revealing the black woman's identity away from the patriarchal society. Stepping across a very forbidden taboo, Naylor frames the black woman's identity in a very exclusive manner away from the conventional one. She presents a totally different vista of living by which a black woman can experience her freedom and true feelings towards another black woman on the basis of mutual love. Theresa and Lorraine explore their personalities through mutual love as a means of establishing and redefining the personality and identity of a black woman.

This research monitors the representation of the biography of Rachel Bluffstein in her poetic works, where the researcher traces the life of the poet and presents her biography and imprints of this biography in her poetic production, through the biographical analysis of the text and through the descriptive spelling. This research This research begins by reviewing the concept of autobiography and the controversy surrounding this type of writing, then moves on to addressing how the Jewish poet included elements of her autobiography in her works. The researcher paved the way for his research with a biography of the poet, due to its overlap with the topic of the research. The research dealt with the biographical effects of twelve poems by the poet published in different collections and collected in her complete works published on the Ben Yehuda website. Among these poems were what expressed the poet’s psychological state in a certain period, some of them expressed her biological condition as a barren woman who does not get pregnant or give birth, and some of them described her place of residence, whether it was the settlement or the apartment, and some of them dealt with her emotional relationships and some of her health condition Including what she stated in her poetry that she used to write sometimes about herself. The researcher concluded with the results that the poet has really incorporated elements from her autobiography in her poetic works. 

The issue of identity proof and its dimensions is a real and indispensable requirement in most literary works such as plays. The spatial reading of "The Shadow of the Glen" (1903) by John Millington Synge elucidates the involvement of presenting Irish primitivism as an assertion of the Irish national identity in each space type. The methodology of the paper is based on Henri Lefebvre's theory of the Production of Space (1991), with its main elements of space construction. The theorist believes that social space consists of three main sections: first, "the perceived space" (produced and developed by social practices in a particular place); second, "the conceived space" (a cultural construct that is represented by the writer's perfect and elaborated mental design, quoting from actual Irish reality); and third, "the lived space," (which includes the daily routine of traditions). This present paper provides an accurate reading of how Synge perfects the use of primitive realism on the stage by focusing on its social practice and all of its details. According to Synge's ideas, the form of the living space rather than a static cultural image is presented. As a result, the paper focuses on how Synge employs primitive content and the interaction of proving his national Irish identity in the play for readers and in front of contemporary audiences. 

Dylan Thomas is a Welsh poet born in 1914 who wrote one of the most romantic, eloquent and sensual poems in modern literature. Since the publication of his first book, The Eighteen Poems, in 1934, critics have known him as a distinguished and original poet, Amaze and enchant readers with his verbal and musical strength and the ability to explore the deepest emotions. These intense feelings between emotion and sensitivity revealed the obsessive thoughts of love, death, religion and the sound of words on Thomas. Thomas' love of life is evident with a high-spirited and fun-filled sense of humor in his fictional and theatrical prose writings as well as his poems. Thomas was born in Swansea, Wales and gained immense popularity through radio readings of his work in Britain and the United States. Many of these readings are available in the form of recordings and tapes. Thomas died in 1953 from pneumonia that exacerbated because of his addiction to alcohol during his tour to the United States. And that time which the poet lived from his childhood to the period before his death affected his poetry, so the reader sees in Dylan’s writings many meanings about the concept of time, as in the poem Fern Hill. 

En este trabajo se pretende develar la presencia de elementos góticos en la narrativa de horror de Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer. Este autor es parte del movimiento denominado Romanticismo oscuro. En el siglo XVII, los románticos se rebelan contra los postulados del Iluminismo y traen de nuevo al arte las supersticiones, el mito, lo fantástico, expresan fascinación por los escenarios medievales y el horror es adoptado por los seguidores del romanticismo oscuro o gótico.

Cette étude  se concentre sur l'analyse d'un phénomène poétique important dans les poèmes de Nizar Qabbani et Jacques Prévert, qui est l'utilisation des cinq sens dans la construction poétique de l'image de la femme. Ce phénomène se manifeste sous la forme d'une présence métaphorique. En effet, les sens recourent à des sensations qui ne s'avèrent pas être de la nature des sens. Les deux poètes confondent souvent la couleur avec les autres sens de l'ouïe et du toucher, et cette combinaison renforce le sens des vers et les fixe dans l'esprit du lecteur. Ce phénomène n'était pas aléatoire ou éphémère, mais plutôt une caractéristique stylistique importante qui entre dans la plupart des formulations de poèmes. La pluralité des correspondances, dans les poèmes sélectionnés, unifie la description de l'image de la femme. Cela prouve que le focus sur ce phénomène peut être considéré comme un point important dans ce travail.

The current article tries to investigate the development of English "antonymy" in the long-haul literature, in addition, to review and tracing back the theoretical as well as the practical progress of this phenomenon diachronically. The objective of this paper is to focus on the notion of antonymy and its classification from different perspectives. To achieve its aims, a comparative diagnostic approach is adopted.
The study has yielded that (1) antonymy is approached dichotomously: literally vs. non-literally, lexically vs. semantically, canonically vs. non-canonically and textually vs. contextually, and (2) the classification of this phenomenon is activated by the practices and the theoretical insights of the classifiers; conventional classification is a context-free and form-based relation which holds between oppositional pairs while the more current classification relies on syntax as well as a context-dependent relation that holds between oppositional pairs.
The scope of this phenomenon is currently extended to attribute the opposition "between antonyms, counterparts, contrasts, analogues, incompatibles, and the like".. Consequently, the study suggests further widespread investigation on the non-canonicity antonym.   

Voice is a grammatical category which makes it possible to view the action of a sentence in either of two ways active or passive, without a change in the fact reported. In many cases, active sentences can be easily transformed into passive. However, there is a limited number of cases in which active cannot be changed into passive. This paper tackles specifically the phenomenon of passive constraints in English, i.e. the cases in which active can never be changed into passive. The study aims at shedding light on the cases of passive constraints such as: verb constraints and prepositional verbs constraints, object constraints, agent constraints, and meaning constraints as well as the students' ability to recognize those constraints. Thus, other types of passive are excluded out of this study. The study is confined to fourth year students who are expected to be aware of the cases of passive constraints and therefore try to change any possible active sentence into passive. By doing so, they consequently produce ungrammatical sentences. The question raised by the present study is: Are Iraqi 4^th -year college students aware of the passive constraints in English or not? The most important conclusion the study came out with is that most students could not recognize prepositional verb constraints and, though cannot be changed into passive, changed them incorrectly into passive. The procedure and data analysis of the study were implemented on forty 4^th -year-college students from University of Mosul/ Department of English/for the academic year 2021-2022 who were the subjects of the present study. 

Transposing English slang, a highly informal and unconventional variety associated with a social group or to some specific subject, into Arabic gives rise to various problems in cultural transition and faithful translation alike. It is hard to deal with non-standard varieties such as slang because one can rarely find similar culture-specific situations in the target language in which these varieties are commonly used. Furthermore,  these non-standard varieties are often intended to create a very rich range of effects on language users. Faced with such problems, a translator has to make decisions as regards the kind of style s/he will opt for before getting involved in rendering slag texts.
Style is a set of choices of expression, inspired or induced by a particular context; different choices will produce different styles and thereby different effects. Choices of expression which create a particular style are motivated and inspired by contextual circumstances in which both writers and readers are involved. Writers normally make their style conform to the social function and formal conventions of a particular text type. 
Decision-making means the process of selecting among a set of alternatives. The question which poses itself here is to what extent the translator's particular choice affects the meaning and function of the whole text. The study aims to (1) give a sufficient account of slang and decision-making and (2) point out some style-related problems when translating slang from English into Arabic. The study hypothesizes that stylistic features have a function that contributes in one way or another to the whole meaning of the text, and any shift in style in general and in formality, in particular, will definitely distort the tone of the original text. The study comes out with the conclusion that any apparent change from a seriously informal style to a highly formal one, when translated from a source language into a target language, will inevitably alter the original register and, in turn, will not precisely reflect the real nature of its parameters.

Arabic poetry is considered one of the tributaries of the Arab-Islamic civilization. It is the Arab refuge and its means to express ideas, emotions and immediate situations. It is a major part of the Arab culture in different environments and at the same time its means of discourse and dialogue with others. , And with these circumstances the form of metaphor in Arabic rhetoric part of it, so the phenomenon of the metaphor in our Arab rhetoric is clearly evident in poetry and prose, one of the reasons for choosing the subject: study the metaphor and the statement of the horizon of the replacement and disclosure, and disclosure of its characteristics and characteristics Graphic, and explore the meanings that are available upon approved replacement, and the level of impact that rhetoric in the picture, and the level of response as stated in the sense of integration of the meaning of various types and trends.

This research aims to study the prosody terms within the metrical system that came from Al-Khalil bin Ahmed Al-Farahidi, and from the scholars of metrics in the Maghreb and Andalusia. With a study of all the definitions that were received and explain to the reader. Where these fixed prosodic terms came up with more than one definition for most of them; Which calls for standing there and studying it as it was mentioned in the prosodic works and manuscripts, including them in particular.

The study addresses the effect of abstract images on poetic structure in the poetry of Horse description. It introduces a brief summary of the definition of the abstract image and its effect on drawing the poetic image. The abstract image has been addressed in five sections; visual image, audio image, smell image, taste image and touching image. The aim is to examine the extent to which horse description poets have utilized abstract images in their poetry and the effect of these images on a poetic structure.